DÅS¡w
BapJw.......................................................................................
1
]cnWma¯ns\mcmapJw……………………….... 2
]cn-Wm-aw C-h-cn-eqsS……………………………... 5
Pohsâ D¸¯n…………………………….. 7
UmÀhn\nkw hnaÀi\§Ä………………………. 9
UmÀhn\nkw aX§fneqsS……………………… 13
kzXzw tXSn Aebp¶ UmÀhn³ Nn´IÄ............
17
]cnWma L«¯nse sImgnªpt]mb \mgnI¡ÃpIÄ...19
\nKa\w………………………………………... 21
Ahew_w…………………………………… 24
BapJw
temI¯mIam\w hfscb[nIw NÀ¨IÄ¡v hgnh¨Xpw
imkv{Xob Xe¯n C¶pw hnhmZhpw, D¯cw In«m¯ tNm-Zyhpambn Ahtijn¡p¶XmWtÃm UmÀhnsâ
]cnWma kn²m´w. ]cnWma hmZnIÄ ]dbp¶ t]mse AXv XnI¨pw imkv{Xnbambn
sXfnbn¡s¸«n«ptm? F´psImv UmÀhn\nk¯n\v C{Xtbsd FXnÀ¸v? C{Xtbsd
FXnÀ¸pIÄ¡nSbnepw UmÀhn\nkw F§s\ {]Ncn¡s¸Sp¶p? C¯cw tNmZy§fneqsSbpÅ Hcp
At\zjWamWnXv.
PohPmXnIfpsS ]cnWmas¯ kw_Ôn¨ UmÀhnsâ
kn²m´§fpsS kzm[o\w an¡ sshÚm\nItaJeIfnepw hÀ²n¨phcpIbmW-tÃm? BbXn\m Cu hnjbs¯¸än IqSpX Adnªncn¡m\pw AXnsâ `mhn hcpw hcmbvIIsf ]än
a\Ênem¡p¶tXmsSm¸w UmÀhn\nkw icnbmtWm sXämtWm F¶v sXfnbn¡m\pÅ Ffnsbmcp {iaw
IqSnbmWnXv. hnÚm\ IpXpInIfmbhÀ¡pw CÆnjb¯n Nn´m hnNn-´\w sN¿p¶hÀ¡pw XoÀ¯pw D]Imcs¸Spw F¶v {]Xymin¡p¶p...
]cnWma¯ns\mcmapJw.
Hcp tImi¯nÂ\n¶p tImSn¡W¡n\p PohPme§Ä Dmb
almZv`pX¯ns\ imkv{Xw hnfn¡p¶ t]cmWtÃm
]cnWmaw. ]e cq]¯nÂ, `mh¯nÂ, {]IrX¯n PohnIÄ cq]s¸Sp¶Xns\¡pdn¨p ]e
imkv{XÚcpw Is¯epIÄ \S¯nbn«pv. ]cnWma kn²m´¯n\v Ime§fpsS ]g¡aps¦nepw D¯cw
In«m¯ ]e tNmZy§Ä¡pw imkv{Xobamb sXfnhpIÄ \nc¯n ]cnWmas¯ Hcp imkv{X imJbm¡n
hfÀ¯p¶Xn NmÄkv tdm_À«v UmÀhn³ (1809- 1882) hln¨ ]¦v hfsc hepXmWv. AXpsImv Xs¶
]cnWma kn²m´¯n\v UmÀhn\nkw F¶ asämcp t]cpIqSn Dv. PohnIÄ¡p ]cnWmaw DmbXv
F§s\sb¶p hnizmktbmKyamb Xc¯nÂ, imkv{Xobambn hniZoIcn¨Xv Cw¥njv Pohimkv{X-Ú³
UmÀhn\mWv. Hcp s]mXp]qÀhnI\nÂ\n¶mWp ]n¶oSpÅ PohPme§sfÃmw DmbsX¶v At±l¯nsâ
kn²m´w ]dbp¶p.
UmÀhn³ F¨v.Fw.Fkv. _oKnÄ F¶ I¸en Kme¸tKmkv
Zzo]pIfnte¡p bm{XsN¿pIbpw, AhnsS\n¶p ]e sXfnhpIfpw tiJcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AhnsS
h¨v hyXymkX Xc¯nepÅ IpcphnIsfbpw AhbpsS Nppw Blmc km¼m[\¯nepÅ
hysshhn[yhpw UmÀhnsâ {i² ]nSn¨p]än.
IqSmsX \m«nse \ncp]{ZhImcnIfbm ]e arK§fpw A{Iathjw ]qncp¶p. B bm{X GItZiw
A©phÀjw \ofpIbpw sNbvXp. ]n¶oSp aS§nh¶mWv Hm¬ Zv HdnPn³ Hm^v kv]ojokv ss_ ao³kv
Hm^v \m¨pd skeIv--j³ (24 November
1859)
F¶
]pkvXIw Xbmdm¡nbXv. Cu ]pkvXI¯neqsSbmWv
]cnWma kn²m´¯nsâ ImXemb {]IrXn \nÀ[mcW kn²m´s¯¸än (A-Y-hm '\m¨pd skeIv--j³'
) ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xv.
{]IrXn
\nÀ[mcW kn²m´w.
{]IrXnbpsS XncsªSp¸v F¶XmWp {]IrXn
\nÀ[mcW¯nsâ AÀYw. Zn\w {]Xn hyXykvXamb PohnIÄ Cc«n¡nc«nbmbn hfÀ¶p
sImncn¡pIbmWv \·psS `qanbnÂ. F¶m Ah¡v thnbpÅ `£Ww, CW XpS§nbhbn hcp¶ Gä¡pdn¨nepIÄ kzm`mhnIambpw
X½n XÃnte¡pw kz´w AXnPoh\¯n\pw ImcWamIp¶p. C§s\bpÅ AXnPoh\§Ä Ie {ItaW cp Xc¯nepÅ
hn`mK§fnte¡v \bn¡p¶p. A\pIqeambhbpw {]XnIqeambhbpw. A§s\ \ne\n¸n\p thnbpÅ
aÕc¯n A\pIqeambh AXnPohn¡p¶p, AÃm¯h
\in¨p t]mIp¶p.
F¶m Nne amä§Ä PohnIÄ¡v Ah Pohn¡p¶
kmlNcy¯n Nne KpW§Ä \ÂIpw. DZmlcW¯n\v, Cu amä§Ä Hcp Pohn¡v Cc ]nSn¡m\pÅ KpWtam,
aäp PohnIfpsS Cc BImXncn¡m\pÅ KpWtam \ÂIpsa¶ncn¡s«. A¯cw PohnIÄ¡v IqSpXÂ Imew
Pohn¡m\pw IqSpX k´m\§Ä D¸mZn¸n¡m\pw Ignbpw. F¶ph¨mÂ, Ime{ItaW (Bbnc¡W¡n\v
hÀj§Ä Ignbpt¼mÄ) Cu ]pXnb KpW§fpÅ PohnIÄ am{Xambncn¡pw AXnsâ hÀ¤¯n Ahtijn¡pI.
CXmWv UmÀhnsâ kn²m´w. F¶m CXv Nne hm¡pIÄ sImpÅ k]vRvP¡¸pdw imkv{XobambsXfnhpIÄ
\nc¯m³ UmÀhn\p Ignªn«nÃ.
F¦nepw
PohnIfn amäapmIp¶p F¶v At±lw ]dªncp¶tÃm?
amä¯n\pImcWw Po\pIfmsW¶p ]n¶oSp Ip]nSn¡s¸«p. Po\pIÄ¡p s]s«¶pmIp¶ amä§Ä AYhm
DÂ]cnhÀ¯\§fmWp ]cnWmaw krãn¡p¶Xv F¶pw hniZoIcn¡s¸«p. Po³ ]T\¯nsâ `mKambn DNAIsf¸änbpw, PohPme§fn BIkvanIambn kw`hn¡p¶
]mc¼cykz`mhapÅ amä§sf¶dnbs¸Sp¶ aypt«js\¸änbpw ]T\§Ä XpSÀ¶v t]mIp¶p. Chsb¸än
\aps¡m¶v hniZambn t\m¡mw.
D.N.A.
Pohsâ clky§sf kq£n¨ph¨ncn¡p¶
am{´nIs¨¸mWv Uo HmI-vknssdt_m \yq¢nIv BknUv AYhm Un.F³.F. F¶ ssPhX·m{X. Hcp
PohnbpsS imcocnIkhntijXIsfbpw kz`mhs¯bpsaÃmw \nÀWbn¡p¶Xv UnF³FbnÂ
tcJs¸Sp¯s¸«n«pÅ P\nXIclky§fmWv. Hcp XeapdbnÂ\n¶v ASp¯ Xeapdbnte¡v P\nXI clky§sf
ssIamdp¶Xpw Cu AÛpX X·m{XXs¶bmWv. ]ncnb³ tKmhWn t]mepÅ UnF³Fbnse ss\{SP³
t_kpIfpsS {IaamWv hnhn[ t{]m«o\pIfpsS D¸mZ\w AS¡apÅ imcocnI {]hÀ¯\§sfsbÃmw
\nb{´n¡p¶Xv. atäsXmcp hkvXphnsâ Ip ]nSp¯hpw t]mse Un.F³-.-F.bpsS Ip ]nSp¯hpw
hÀj§Ä \o ]ecpsSbpw ]n´pSÀ¶mWv 1953  sPbnwkn\pw {^m³knkn\pw Un.F³-.-F.bpsS LS\sb¡pdn¨v
AhcpsS \nKa\¯nse¯m³ IgnªXv.
AUn\n³, Kzm\n³, ssXan³, sstkämkn³
F¶n§s\ \mev ss\{SP³ t_kpIfmWv UnF³FbnepÅXv. Chbn AUn\n³ ssXan\pambpw Kzm\n³
ssktämkn\pambmWv IqSnt¨cpI. Chbpw UoHmI-vknssdt_mkv F¶ ]©kmcbpw t^mkvt^äpw
IqSnt¨À¶mWv UnF³FbpsS ]ncnb³ tKmhWn cq]s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. C¯cw DNA4 Ifn hcp¶ amäamWv
P\nXI amä§Ä¡v ImcWamIp¶Xv.
ayqt«mj³ (Mutation).
PohPme§fn Nne {]tXyI
kmlNcy§fn kw`hn¡p¶ ]mc¼cykz`mhapÅ amä§fmWv ayqt«j³. ]mc¼cy kz`mh§Ä \nb{´n¡p¶Xv
Po\pIfmWv--. Po\pIfnepmIp¶ amä§Ä XeapdIfnte¡v ssIamäw sN¿s¸t«¡mw. (1)
BIkvanIamb ayqt«j\pIÄ (Spontaneous
Mutations) kq£vaPohnIfn apX a\pjycn hsc IWs¸Sp¶p. ayqt«j\pIÂ
bmYrÝnIhpw, e£yclnXhpw, AhyhØnXhpamWv--. ayqt«j\pIÄ ]eXpw PohnIÄ¡v
D]{ZhImcnIfpamWv--. amcIamb Hcp
ayqt«j³ Nnet¸mÄ AXnsâ e£Ww DS³ {]ISamhpIbpw {]IrXn\nÀ[mcW¯neqsS Ah `qapJ¯p\n¶pw
\o¡w sN¿s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶p. XÂ ^eambn amcIamb Po³ ASp¯ Xeapdbnte¡v ssIamdp¶nÃ.
F¶m Nne ayqt«j³ e£Ww {]ISamhpIbnÃ. AXpsImv B Po\ns\Xnsc {]IrXn\nÀ[mcWw
{]hÀ¯n¡p¶nÃ. AXnsâ ^ew ]p\cpev]mZ\w hgn Cu Po³ ASp¯ Xeapdbnte¡v ssIamäw
sN¿phm\pw ImcWamIp¶p. amä§Ä¡pÅ km[yX s]mXpth IpdhmWv. ImcWw Un F³ F bn hcp¶
sXäpIÄ Xncp¯m\pÅ kwhn[m\w tImi§fnepv. F¶mÂ, FÃmw Xncp¯m³ km[n¡Ww F¶nÃ; CXmWv
ayqt«j³. A]qÀÆw Nne ayqt«j\pIÄ D]Imc{]ZamsW¦nepw Ah tIhew 0.1 imXam\w
am{Xambncn¡pw.
Po³ (Gene)
Hcp Pohn F§s\ ImWs¸SWw, AXnsâ icocw F§s\
cq]s¸SWw Fs¶ms¡ \n-cvt±in¡p¶ tImUpIfmb Un ³ F IfpsS
ASnØm\ LSI-§-fmWv Po-\pIÄ. sshdkpIÄ
apX At\IwtImSn tImi§fpÅ k¦oÀW\amb PohnIfpsS hsc ssPhnI {]h À¯\§sfbmsI \nb{´n¡p¶Xv Po\pIfmWv.
tIhew Hcp kz`mhKpWw am{Xambncn¡Wsa¶nà Hcp Po³ \nb{´n¡p¶Xv. AXmbXv I®nsâ \ndw
\nb{´n¡p¶ Po\pIÄ ImepIfpsS \ofs¯tbm, icoc¯nsâ Dbcs¯tbm Hs¡ kzm[o\n¡p¶hbmImw.
icoc¯nse aäp Po\pIfpsS kzm[o\wIqSn IW¡nseSp¯m am{Xta AXnsâ A´na ^ew ]dbm\mIq
F¶cvYw. . Htc hÀK¯nÂs¸« PohnIfpsS icoc¯nse 99 iXam\w Po\pIfpw
Hcpt]msebmbncn¡pw. AXmbXv temI¯pÅ FÃm a\pjycnepw, BWmbmepw s]®mbmepw,
_mly{]IrXnIÄ F´pXs¶bmbmepw 99 iXam\w Po\pIfpw XpeyamWv. tijn¡p¶ Hcp iXam\¯Nâ
Xs¶ PohnIÄ X½nepÅ cà_Ôw hÀ[nX¡p¶X\pkcn¨v kmayXtbdn hcp¶p
Hmtcm Po\pIfpw aäpÅhbpambn aÕcn¡pIbpw hnPbw
t\Sp¶h ASp¯ XeapdIfnte¡v tNt¡dn IqSpX Imew \ne\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. (2)
]cn-Wm-aw C-h-cn-eqsS
ssPhhÀ¤§fpsS ]cnWmas¯¡pdn¨v ]T\w
\S¯pt¼mÄ NmÄkv UmÀhnt\msSm¸w Xs¶
Hgn¨pIqSm\mIm¯ asämcp t]cpIqSnbpv Po³ _m]vänÌv emamÀ¡v (1744-1829) A¶phsc \ne\n¶ A\pam\§sf sXfnhpIÄ \nc¯n
imkv{Xobambn A]{KYn¡m³ BZyw {ian¨Xv At±lamWv. {^©v ssk\nI\mbncp¶ emamÀ¡v--
]«mf¯n \n¶v hncan¨ tijw 1766 kkyimkv{X¯n {i²n]Xn¸n¡pIbpw P´pimkv{X¯nÂ
A²ym]\w Bcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. 1801 apX ]cnWmas¯ Ipdn¨pÅ A`n{]mb§Ä Cu {^©v
imkv{XÚ³ {]ISn¸n¨ncp¶psh¦nepw AXns\ k¼qÀ®Xbn F¯n¨Xv 1809 {]kn²nIcn¡s¸«
P´pimkv{X ¯nsâ ^ntemk-^n (Zoological
philosophy) F¶ {KÙ¯nemWv. At±l¯nsâ A`n{]mb¯n PohnIfpsS cq]¯nepw
Afhnepw LS\bnepw hÀ®¯nepw {ItaW amäw kw`hn¨p sImncn¡p¶p. Znt\\bpÅ ]cnØnXnI
amä§Ä PohnIfpsS Bhiy§fn amäw Dm¡pIbpw
]pXnb hkXp¡sf krãn¡m³ ImcWambn¯ocpIbpw sN¿p¶p. C§s\bpÅ Zn\NcyIÄ Nne
Ahbh§sf IqSpXÂ D]tbmKn¡phmt\m aäp Nneh Npcp§phmt\m Nnet¸mÄ A{]Xy£amItbm sN¿p¶p
F¶v emamÀ¡v ]dbp¶p.
Xsâ
kn²m´¯nsâ AhXcWt¯mSpIqSn emamÀIv hnaÀin¡s¸SpIbpw imkv{XtemI¯v Häs¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.
emamÀ¡n\pw ap¼v hfsc apt¶ Xs¶ _n.kn. Bdmw
\qämn Pohn¨ncp¶ A\Ivkvamµhpw ]n¶oSv ep{Iojykv, Fw.]n. tUm¢nkv, _qt^m¬,
sammk-vIyq XpS§nbhcpw ]cn-Wm-a-sa¶
Bibs¯ apt¶m«v h¨n«pv. A{]Imcw Xs¶ ]cnWmakn²m´¯nsâ hàm¡fmbn Hcp]mSv t]À IS¶ph¶n«pv.
F¶ncp¶mepw UmÀhnsâ ap¼pw ]n¼papÅ imkv{XÚÀ
]cnWmas¯bpw {]IrXn XncsªSp¸ns\bpw Ipdn¨v Hcp]mSv ]dªn«ps¦nepw ssPhcminsb
kw_Ôn¨v ]T\w \S¯p¶ hnÚm\imJIfmb P´pimkv{Xw,
kky imkv{Xw, ]cnØnXn imkv{Xw XpS§nb
hnÚm\imJIfpsS klmb¯m Pohsâ hnImk \nba§Ä Xsâ HÀPn³ Hm^v kv--]ojykn hniZoIcn¨tXmsS
UmÀhn³ ]cnWma hmZ¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmbn
Adnbs¸Sm³ XpS§n.
UmÀhnsâ
Dä N§mXnbmbncp¶ tXmakv tdm_À«v aÂXyqkv
FgpXnb P\kwJy ASnØm\ XXz§Ä hniZoIcn¨psImpÅ {]_Ôw UmÀhnsâ kn²m´¯n\v Hcp hgn¯ncnhmbn«pv. temI P\kwJym hÀ²\hns\
Ncn{Xw ]cntim[n¨psImv `mhnbn A`napJoIcnt¡nhcp¶ {]iv\§sf hnhcn¡pIbmWv
amÂXyqkv Xsâ {KÙ¯neqsS. AXn\m \nehnse hÀ[\hv am\hcmin¡p apgph³ Blmcw Ign¡m\pÅ
D¸mZ\w \S¯m³ `mhnbn \ap¡v Ignbnà F¶pw BbXn\m P\kwJytbbpw AhcpsS Blmct¯bpw kaoIcn¨p IrXyXtbmSvIqSn
t]mtIXpv F¶v At±lw hyàam¡n. F¶mÂ
am¯qknsâ Cu kn²m´w UmÀhns\ hfscb[nIw kzm[o\n¨p. C§s\ hfÀ¶phcp¶ P\kwJy Bbncp¶p
ap¼pmbncp¶ ]e PohnIfpsSbpw \mi¯n\p ImcWambXv F¶ \nKa\¯nte¡v UmÀhn³ F¯nt¨cpIbpw
a\pjy³ am{Xaà kky§fpw, P´p¡fpw DÄs¸Sp¶ apgph³ Pohcminbpw kzbw \ne\n¸n\pw AXnPoh\¯n\pw thn kz´w PohnhÀKt¯mSpw CXc PohnhÀKt¯mSpw aÕcnt¡n hcpw F¶ Nn´bnte¡pw
AXv ]n¶oSv ]cnWmakn²mÔambn cq]s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.
]cnWmahmZ¯nsâ B[p\nI am\§Ä ]dbp¶nSXv imkv{XtemI¯n\p Xs¶ ]p¯³ hgn¯ncnhpIÄ Dm¡nb
BfmWv UnF³F F¶ DÂ]cnhÀ¯\ kn²m´w apt¶m«psh¨ U¨v imkv{XÚ\mb lyqtKm Uo{hnkv.
Ccp]Xmw \qämnsâ Xp-S-¡-¯n ImeL«§fn At±lw Ip]nSn¨ UnF³F ]änbpÅ NÀ¨IÄ
]n¶oSt§m«v ]cnWmahmZw s¡XnscbpÅ tNmZy§Ä¡v iàamb adp]Sn \ÂIpIbmbncp¶p. {]IrXn\nÀ[mcW
kn²m´§Ä¡v UnF³F BWv ImcWw F¶v hmZn¡pIbpw,
AXn\pthnbpÅ ]p¯³ \nKa\§Ä hmÀs¯Sp¡pIbpw sN¿pIbmbncp¶p. ]n¶oSp
P\nXIimkv{Xw, tImihnÚm\obw, `uaimkv{Xw, t^mkn ]T\w XpS§n ]e taJeIfnse AdnhpIÄ
tNÀ¯p ]e imkv{XÚcpw Umhn\nks¯ ]pXp¡n. ChsbÃmw tNÀ¶v \ntbmUmÀhn\nkw F¶
t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶p.
Pohsâ D¸¯n
Pohsâ DÛhw F§s\bmbncp¶p F¶Xv Ct¸mgpw
D¯cw In«m¯ tNmZyambn Xs¶ XpScp¶p. AXns\¸änbpÅ NÀ¨IÄ Ct¸mgpw Ahkm\n¡p¶nÃ. `qan¡v
]pd¯v FhnsSsb¦nepw Pohsâ IWnI XpSn¡p¶ptm F¶Xns\¡pdn¨v imkv{X¯n\n¶pw IrXyamb
D¯cw In«nbn«nÃ. Pe¯nsâ km\n[yw, {`aW ]Y¯nsâ sNcnhv, hmbp aÞew, {`hyam\w
XpS§nb \nchm[nImcy§Ä PothmÂ`h¯n\p BhiyamWv.
GItZiw cv _ney¬ hÀj§Ä¡p ap¼v `qan
Pohkm¶n[y¯n\v ]Izambncp¶psh¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶p. ImÀ_¬ ssU HmIvsskUv, AtamWnb F¶nhbpsS
an{inXhpambn kqcy\n \n¶pw {]kcWw sN¿s¸« AÄ{Smhbeäv civanIÄ tNÀ¶v \nch[n
ImÀ_WnI ]ZmÀ°§Ä cq]s¸SpIbpmbn. AhcpsS hnImk¯n \n¶v Pohsâ ASnØm\amb
Un.F³.Fbpw BÀ.F³.Fbpw DSseSp¯p F¶v
IrXyXs¸Sp¯p¶p. XpSÀ¶v GItImiPohnIfpw
_mÎocnbIfpw t{]mt«mtkmhIfpw ]cnWan¨p F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. Ahbn \n¶pw ]pgp¡Ä, aÕy§Ä,
D`bPohnIÄ, DcK§Ä, XncntbmpIÄ
F¶nh ]cnWan¨p h¶p. ]n¶oSv AXn \n¶v DjvW cà PohnXIfpw, aÀkq¸nbepIfpw ]n¶oSv
¹mkâ tbmSpIqSnb kkvX\nIfpw {]Xy£s¸«p. ]n¶oSv Ipc§·mcpw Iptd¡qSn ]ptcmKan¨
hm\c·mcpw ]n¶oSv tlman\nSpIfpw XpSÀ¶v a\pjycpw cq]m´cs¸Spwt¼mÄ a\pjy\nte¡pÅ
]cnWmaw ]qÀ¯nbmIp¶p. Cu ]cnWmaL«w BÀ¡ntbm tkmbnIv IÂ]w, t{]mt«m tkmbnIv IÂ]w F¶p
XpS§n 6 ImeL«§fneqsS IS¶pt]mIp¶p.
·
H¶mas¯ ImeL«amb BÀ¡ntbm
tkmbnIv IÂ]w HcptImSntbmfw ssZÀLyapÅXmWv. Gähpw arXphmb Nne PohnIfpsS t]mÌpIÄ
F¶v kwibn¡mhp¶ Ahinã§Ä Hgn¨v {]kvXpX ImeL«¯nse PohnIfpsS \ne\n¸n\v
tcJsbm¶panÃ.
·
cmas¯ ImeL«amb
t{]mt«mtkmbn¡v IÂ]w BÀ¡ntbm tkmbnIv IÂ]¯n\v tijw 85 tImSn hÀj§fmWv ssZÀLyapÅXv. BÂKIÄ
t{]mt«mtkmhIÄ XpS§nb Pohn hwi§Ä Cu
ImeL«¯n teXmsW¶v Duln¡p¶p. Pohcmin kkyhwihpw P´phwihpambn Xncnªv Cu ImeL«¯n Bbncn¡mw.
·
aq¶mas¯ ImeL«amb
B`n]mentbmtkmbnIv IÂ]¯n \s«Ãv CÃm¯ Pohn hwi§Ä ImWs¸«Xmbn ]dbs¸Sp¶p. Cu
ImeL«¯ntesX¶v IcpXs¸Sp¶ \nch[n t^mknepIÄ tiJcn¡s¸«n«pv. Cu ImeL«¯nemWv
P´phÀK§Ä Dmhm³ km[yXbpÅ Imw{_nb³ hnkvt^mS\w kw`hn¨Xv.
·
\memas¯ ImeL«amWv cmw
]mentbmtkmbnIv IÂ]w, Cu ImeL«s¯ aq¶mbn
Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p. AXn H¶mas¯ Imeamb UnthmWnb³ Ime¯nemWv hnhn[bn\w aÕy§Ä DÛhn¨Xv
F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. cmas¯ ImeL«amb ss^dkv ImeL«¯nemWv D`bPohnIfpsS DÛhw. s]ÀanbU
Ime¯nemWv Cgªp \o§m\mIp¶ D`bPohnIfn \n¶v DcK§Ä DmIp¶Xv.
·
A©mas¯ ImeL«w antkm
tkmbnIv IÂ]amWv GItZiw 12 tImSn hÀjw
ssZÀLyapÅ Cu ImeL«¯nemWv aÕy§Ä, ]mäIÄ,
Znt\mkdpIÄ, CgP´p¡Ä XpS§nb apgph³ hÀ¤§fpw Dmbncp¶Xmbn kwibn¡s¸Sp¶p.
·
Bdmas¯ ImeL«amb knt\m tkmbnIv
IÂ]¯n a\pjy³ B\, IpXnc, H«Iw XpS§nb hÀ¤§Ä ]cnWan¨pmbn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p.
HmÀ¡p-I C-Xv Poh-sâ DÂ-¸-¯n-¡v im-kv{Xw sIm-Sp-¡p-¶ hn-h-£-bm-Wv.
F-¶m Po-thmÂ-¸-¯nsb ]-än-bp-Å aX§-fpsS Im-gv-N-¸m-Sv h-cp-¶ A-²ym-b-§-fnÂ
Im-Wmw.
UmÀhn\nkw
hnaÀi\§Ä
1859 Â Z HÀPn³
Hm^v kv]ojykv {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«t¸mÄ \nch[n
kw`hhnImk§Ä bqtdm¸nemIam\w Act§dn. A¡me¯v Nn´m temI¯n\pta ss{IkvXh temIw
ASnt¨Â¸n¨ \nb{´W§Ä sshÚm\nI temIs¯ Ft¸mgpw AkzØ\m¡nbncp¶p. AXp ImcW¯m aX¯nsâ
am\hnI ktµis¯ kvt\ln¡pIbpw _lpam\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xnt\¡mÄ aXm[n]Xyw shdp¡pIbpw
aXNn´Isf \nµn¡phm\pÅ Bkàn Ahcn \ndsªmgpIpw
sNbvXp. adp`mK¯v a\pjysâ krãn ssZh¯mÂ
\nÀhln¡s¸«XmsW¶v hnizkn¡p¶ aX§Ä,
{]tXyIn¨v {InkvXy\nänIv, Ipc§n \n¶mWv a\pjy³ ]cnWan¨pmbXv F¶v kzoIcn¡m³
IgnªnÃ. XÂ^eambn aX ]ptcmlnX·mÀ¡v F{Xt¯mfw Cu IrXn hncàn ]peÀ¯ntbm A{Xt¯mfw aX
\ntj[nIÄ¡v lrZblmcnbmbncp¶p. AXpsImpXs¶ aX\ntj[nIÄ UmÀhn³ kn²m´§sf AtX]Sn
kzoIcn¨psh¶v am{Xaà AXnsâ {]NmcIcmbn XocpIbpw sNbvXp. AXv kzX{´ hyàn PohnXt¯¡mÄ
cm{ãob Xe§fn t]mepw henb coXnbnepÅ amä§Ä krãn¡pIbpw kzoImcyX ]peÀ¯pIbpw sNbv-Xp.
Npcp¡¯n tkmjy UmÀhn\nkw t]mepÅ hwiob
hm¡pIÄ¡pÅ ASn¯dbpw ChnsS \n¶p Dcp¯ncnªp h¶XmWv. hwiobXbn {]uVnbpw A`nam\w
\Sn¡p¶ ]mÝmXyÀ Xsâ ap¶neqsS ASnaIsft¸mse ]WnsbSp¡p¶ hwiob ]cambn A[:]Xn¨hÀ
]cnWma apJ¯v ap³ Ignªpt]mbhcmsW¶p hmZn¡pIbpw IqSmsX Cu A[]Xn¨ hÀ¤¯n \n¶v
C\nsbmcp Xeapd DmIm³ ]mSnà F¶ tXm¶epIÄ Ahcn hÀ²n¨ph¶p. e£y ]qÀ¯oIcW¯n\mbn
\nÀ_ÔnX hÔyIcWhpw \S¯nbXmbn Ncn{X§Ä ]dbp¶p. CXv h³tXmXn UmÀhnsâ kn²m´s¯
FXnÀ¡m³ ImcWambn¯oÀ¶p. Npcp¡n¸dªmÂ
imkv{Xob ]camb ]e ZpÀ_eXIfpw DÅ UmÀhn\nkw Nne kzmÀ° e£y§Ä¡pthnbpw ]e ]pcmX\
hnizmk§sf FXnÀ¡p¶Xn\p thnbpw UmÀhn\nkw F¶ aª I®mSnsb Bbp[ambn
D]tbmKn¡pIbmbncp¶p. C¡mcW§Ä temI¯v UmÀhnsâ kn²m´w ASnapSn sXämsW¶v hmZn¡m³ Hcp
ImcWambn Xo˦p.
amÀI-vknk¯nsâ {][m\nIfnÂs¸« F¦Âkv BWv
UmÀhn\nks¯ IptdIqSn hnaÀi\]cambn hnebncp¯m³ {ian¨Xv. F´psIms¶m amÀI-vknk¯nsâ
ASnØm\ Bibamb hÀ¤kacw sXmgnemfnIsf ap³\ncbnte¡v sImphcm\pÅ {iaamWv \S¯p¶Xv.
AÀlXbpÅhÀ am{Xw \n¡phm\pÅ UmÀhnsâ hmZw hÀj§fpsS \ne\n¸n\v ImcWamtb¡mw.
aX¯nsâ ]¡Â \n¶v C¯cw hnaÀi\§Ä Dmbncn¡pw Xs¶ imkv{XtemI¯n\v DÅnepw
UmÀhn\nk¯ns\XnscbpÅ hnaÀi\§Ä sNdpXÃ. ]cnWmahmZ¯ns\Xnsc imkv{XtemI¯p\n¶v
D¶bn¡s¸Sp¶ hnaÀi\§Ä Xmsg ]dbp¶hbmWv:
·
\mw Pohn¡p¶Xv e£¡W¡n\v
PohnhÀK§Ä¡nSbnemWv. Chbnsem¶pw Xs¶ asämcp
PohnhÀKambn ]cnWan¡p¶Xv \mw ImWp¶nÃ. tcJs¸«nSt¯mfapÅ Ncn{X¯nsehnsSbpw
Bsc¦nepw A¯csamcp ]cnWmaw \nco£n¨Xmbn tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«nÃ.
·
eLpPohnIfn \n¶v k¦oÀWambh
]cnWan¨pmbnsb¶ Xsâ hmZs¯ kXys¸Sp¯p¶ sXfnhpIÄ ]pcmhkvXp]T\§Ä \ÂIpsa¶ NmÄkv
UmÀhnsâ {]Xo£bpsS ]qÀ¯oIcW¯n\pthn H¶c\qämpIÄ \o ]cn{ia§sfm¶pw Xs¶ ^ew
In«nÃ. `qanbn \ne\n¡p¶Xmbn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶ 87 e£w PohnhÀK§fnÂ(3) GsX¦nepw cv
Pohn hÀK§sf Iq«ntbmPn¸n¡p¶ apdnª I®nsb Is¯phm³ t^mkn ]T\§Ä¡v Ignªn«nÃ.
·
t^mkn ]T\§Ä hyàam¡p¶Xv
hyXykvX PohhÀK§Ä¡nSbn {]ISamb hyXymkaps¶pw {]kvXpX hyXymkw Fs¶¶pw
\ne\n¶ncp¶psh¶pw Xs¶bmWv. UmÀhnsâ {]IrXn\nÀ[mcWX¯zhpw \ntbmUmÀhn\nÌpIfpsS
DÂ]cnhÀ¯\ kn²m´hpap]tbmKn¨v PohhÀK§Ä X½n \ne\n¡p¶ hnShv
hniZoIcn¡m\mhm¯XpsImmWv "hncmaanSp¶ k´penXmhØ' (Punctuated equilibrium)
F¶, Hmtcm PohnhÀKhpw atä PohnhÀK¯n \n¶v s]s«¶v ]cnWan¡pIbmbncp¶psh¶ kn²m´¯nÂ
C¡mes¯ ]cnWmahmZnIÄ¡v A`bw tXtSnhcp¶Xv.(4) Hmtcm PohhÀKhpw {]tXyIambn
krãn¡s¸SpIbmWpmbXv F¶p Xs¶bmWv CXv hyàam¡p¶Xv.
·
Pohsâ DÂ]¯nsb¡pdn¨v
hniZoIcn¡pIsb¶, ssPhtemI¯v \S¶psh¶v k¦Â]n¡s¸« ]cnWmas¯¡pdn¨v ]dbp¶ Hcp
kn²m´¯nsâ _m[yX \nÀhln¡phm³ ]cnWmahmZ¯n\v CXphsc Ignªn«nÃ. `qanbn \ne\n¶
GsX¦nepsamcp kmlNcy¯n Poh³ bmZrÑnIambn DmIphm³ bmsXmcp km[yXbpansö hkvXpX
]cnWmahmZnIÄ Xs¶ k½Xn¡p¶pv.(5) \£{Xm´c]Se¯nsehnsStbm \ne\n¶ncp¶ Hcp {]tXyI
kmlNcy¯n AhnsS cq]w sImÅpIbpw ]n¶oSv `qantbmSv ASp¯p h¶ GtXm [qatIXp hgn
`qanbnse¯pIbpw sNbvX {]Xn`mkamWv Pohs\¶ hniZoIcW¯n A`bw tXSpIbmWv ]cnWmahmZnIÄ
Ct¸mÄ sN¿p¶Xv.(6)
·
]cnWma¯n\v A\pIqeambn
AhXcn¸n¡s¸«ncp¶ sXfnhpIsfm¶pw Xs¶ Poh]cnWmas¯ km[qIcn¡p¶nsö hkvXpX
hyàam¡pIbmWv ]n¶oSpÅ KthjW§Ä sNbXXv. kkvX\nIfpsS {`qWL«§fnse kmZriyw
sI«n¨abv¡s¸«XmsW¶v Cu cwKs¯ BZyIme ]cn{ia§fnsem¶mb GWÌv slbv¡ensâ
{`qW]cnWmaL«§fpsS XmcXayNn{Xs¯ ]T\hnt[bam¡nb ]cnWmahmZnIÄ Xs¶ hyàam¡nbn«pÅXmWv.(7)
hyXykvX PohnIfpsS P\nXILS\bpsS XmcXayw hgnbpÅ ]cnWmahr£¯nsâ \nÀamWsa¶ Bibhpw
]cnlcn¡m\mhm¯ {]iv--\§fm hgnap«n \n¡pIbmWv. a\pjy\pw BÄIpc§pw X½nepÅ
P\nXIkmZriyw 96 iXam\t¯mfw hcpsa¶pw AXn\m BÄ¡pc§n \n¶mWv a\pjy\pmbsX¶pw
hmZn¡pIbmsW¦n ]iphnt\mSv IpXncsb¡mÄ _Ôw tUmÄ^n\msW¶pIqSn hmZnt¡nhcpsa¶pw
CtXt]msebpÅ ImcW§fm P\nXIhkvXphnsâ kmZriy¯nsâ shfn¨¯n am{Xambn ]cnWmas¯
kaÀ°n¡m\mhnsöpw hmZn¡p¶ hensbmcp hn`mKw Pohim{XÚ·mcpv.(8) P\nXItcJIÄ¡nSbnÂ
ImWs¸Sp¶, [Àa§sfm¶pw CÃm¯Xmbn IcpXnbncp¶ Nhdv Un.F³.FIÄ (Junk DNAs)
]cnWma¯n\pÅ sXfnhpIfmbn IcpXnbXv sXämsW¶v Ah NhdpIfsöpw Ahbv¡v [Àa§fps¶pw
a\ÊnembtXmsS Pohimkv{XtemI¯n\v t_m[ys¸«p.(9)
]cnWma¯n\v A\pIqeambn hymJym\n¡s¸«ncp¶
sXfnhpIÄ bYmÀ° sXfnhpIfsöv t_m[ys¸«psImncn¡p¶Xv ]cnWmahmZ¯nsâ hnizmkyX
XIÀ¡p¶XmsW¶Xn kwibanÃ.
·
Poh]cnWmasa¶ Bibw {]IrXn
\nba§Ä¡v hncp²amsW¶Xn\m Aimkv{XobamWv. "Hcp hyhØbpsS F³t{Sm¸n Hcn¡epw
IpdbpIbnÃ, A¯cw hyhØIÄ ]camh[n F³t{Sm¸nbnse¯n Xm]KXnI k´penXXzw ]men¡phm\mWv
kZm {ian¨psImncn¡pIsb¶ cmw Xm]KXnI \nba¯n\v FXncmWv Poh]cnWmaw F¶ Bibw. Häs¸«
Hcp hyhØbn kzm`mhnIambpw k¦oÀWhkvXpIÄ hnLSn¨v eLphmbn¯ocpIbmWv sN¿pIsb¶mWv
]camh[n F³t{Sm¸nbnse¯m\mWv hyhØ ]cn{ian¡pIsb¶v ]dªm AXn\À°w.Poh]cnWmaw F¶ Bibw
Xs¶ eLp PohhkvXpIfn \n¶v k¦oÀW PohPme§fnte¡pÅ kzm`mhnI]cnhÀ¯\s¯bmWtÃm Ipdn¡p¶Xv.
A§s\ kw`hn¡phm³ Hcp _mly CSs]SenÃmsX bmsXmcp km[yXbpansömWv cmw
Xm]KXnI \nbaw AÀYi¦bv¡nSbnÃm¯h®w hyàam¡p¶Xv. kq£vaPohnIfn \n¶v
k¦oÀWPohnIfpmhpIsb¶ ]cnWmaw kw`hn¨psh¶Xn\v kar²amb aäp sXfnhpIfps¦n t]mepw
A§s\ kw`hn¡Wsa¦n Hcp _mlyiànbpsS CSs]Sepmbn«ps¶v k½Xnt¡nhcpw. AXv
k½Xn¡p¶tXmsS F´n\p thnbmtWm ]cnWmahmZw \nÀ½n¨pm¡nbXv AXv A{]kàambn¯ocpw;
Xoˬ.
UmÀhn\nkw
aX§fneqsS
]e aXauenIhmX§sfbpw hnizmknIfpsS
hnizmk{]amW§sfbpw tNmZyw sN¿p¶ bpànhmZ
NphbpÅ kn²m´ambncp¶p UmÀhn\nkw.
UmÀhn\nks¯ {]`htI{µamb bqtdm¸nse Xs¶ Gähpw henb aXamb {InkvXym\nänsbbmWv BZyambn AXv shÃphnfn¨Xv. XpSÀ¶t§m«v
t]mIpt´mdpw Hmtcm aX§fpw krãnhmZs¯ FXncmbn ]dª UmÀhn\nks¯ FXnÀ¡pIbmbncp¶p.
ImcWw Hmtcm aX¯n\pw AXnsâXmb ]gabpw ]hn{XXbpw ]pcmW§fpw Dmbncp¶p. Cu kab¯v
P´p¡fn \n¶v ]cnWan¨pmbXmWv a\pjy³ F¶v UmÀhn³ ImgvN¸mSv imkv{X¯n\pw
CXpXs¶bmbncp¶p.
P´pIfn \n¶v ]cnWan¨Ã a\pjy\pmbsX¦nÂ
]ns¶bpÅ Htcsbmcp km[yX Ah³ {]tXyIambn krãn¡s¸«h\mbn¯ocphm\mWv. imkv{Xobambn
t\m¡pt¼mÄ ]cnWmas¯t¸mse Xs¶ krãnbpw Hcp km[yX am{Xam-Wv. ]-cn-Wm-a-¯n-\v
sX-fn-hnÃm¯ t]m-se \q-dv i-X-am-\w kr-ãn-hm-Z-¯\pw sX-fn-hnÃ-¶v H-cn-¡epw
]-d-bm³ km-[n-¡nÃ. F¶m Ch X½n {]ISamb Hcp hyXymkapv. PohPme§fpsS \ne\nÂ]ns\
hniZoIcn¡phm³ {]IrXymXoXamb bmsXm¶ns\bpw ]cnKWnt¡Xnsöv DÑ`mjnWn apg¡ns¡mmWv
]cnWmahmZw IS¶ph¶Xv. AXpsImpXs¶ AXv imkv{Xobambn sXfnbn¡s¸tSXpv. A§s\
sXfnbn¡phm³ Ignbp¶nà F¶XpXs¶ Hcp {]IrXymXoX CSs]S \S¶psImncn¡p¶psh¶Xn\v sXfnhm-Wv.
krãnsb¶m {]IrXnbnt·epÅ {]IrXymXoXamb Hcp CSs]SemWv. A§s\ \S¶n«pv F¶v
ssPhtemIs¯ kcfhpw k¦oÀWhpamb hyhØIsfÃmw hnfn¨p]dbp¶pv. BcmtWm {]kvXpX CSs]SÂ
\S¯nbXv, Ah³ Xs¶ ]dªpXcnI am{XamWv AXns\ Ipdn¨dnbm³ \ap¡pap¼nepÅ Htcsbmcp
amÀKw. krãn IÀas¯¡pdn¨v a\Ênem¡phm³ {kãmhn \n¶pÅ shfn]mSpIsf B{ibn¡pI am{Xsa
\nhr¯nbpÅqsh¶v ]dbp¶Xv AXpsImmWv.
a\pjys\ Ahsâ {kãmhv a®psImmWv krãn¨sX¶v
aX{KÙ§Ä ]dbpt¼mÄ AXv imkv{Xobambn sXfnbn¡Wsa¶v Bhiys¸Sp¶Xv Xs¶ auVyamWv.
a®psImpÅ ]S¨hsâ krãn \½psS At\zjW§Ä¡v AXoXamWv. A§s\ ]dbpt¼mÄ AXv
AÔhnizmkamsW¶Ã AÀ°w. \½psS C{µnb§Ä¡v IS¶psNÃm\mhm¯ Hcp taJesb¡pdn¨v
C{µobmXoXamb Adnhn-\v kzoIcn¡m³ Ignbp¶ \qdpiXam\w kXykÔamb t{kmXÊpIÄ \ÂIp¶
hnhc§Ä kzoIcn¡p¶sX§s\bmWv AÔhnizmkambn¯ocpI? a®psImmWv ]S¨h³ krãn \nÀÆln¨sX¶Xv
Hcp hnizmkamWv; ssZhnIsa¶v Dd¸pÅ t{kmXÊpIfm Øm]n¡¸« hnizmkw. PohnIfn \n¶v
]cnWan¨mWv a\pjy\pmbsX¶Xpw Hcp hnizmkamWv; bmsXmcp sXfnhpanÃm¯ Hcp hnizmkw.
CXnteXmWv AÔhnizmksa¶v hnfn¡s¸Sm³ AÀlXbpÅXv ?
hyXykvX tZi§fn \ne\n¶ncp¶
krãn]pcmW§fne[nIhpw ]dbp¶Xv a\pjy³ krãn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv a®n \n¶msW¶mWv.
amXrtZhnbmb Adqdp Ifna®ns\ cà¯n Ipg¨v a\pjys\ \nÀan¨XmbmWv _m_ntemWnb³ ]pcmW§Ä
]dbp¶Xv.(10) a\pjy³ krãn¡s¸«Xv a®n \n¶msW¶v Xs¶bmbncp¶p Imt\m³ImcpsSbpw
hnizmkw. \·bpw Xn³abpw IqSn aäp tZh·mcpsS klmbt¯msS Ifna®v Ipg¨v a\pjys\
Dm¡nsb¶mbncp¶p kptadnb¡mÀ IcpXnbncp¶Xv. B«n³ XebpÅ Jv--\qw tZh\mWv Ahsâ N{I¯nÂ
a\pjys\ Ifna®n \n¶v cq]s¸Sp¯nsbSp¯sX¶mWv CuPn]vjy³ ]pcmW§Ä ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xv.(11)
Ppthm¡v ssZhw bqtdm]y³amsc shfp¯ Ifna®nÂ
\n¶pw Ad_nIsf Nph¸p IeÀ¶ Xhn«p \ndapÅ Ifna®n \n¶pw B{^n¡¡msc Idp¯ a®n \n¶pw
krãn¨psh¶vv B{^n¡³ ]pcmW§fpw ]dbp¶pv.(12) t{]manXyqkv tZh³ a\pjys\ sNfnbnÂ
\n¶v cq]s¸Sp¯pIbpw AYo\ tZhn AXn Poh³ DuXpIbpw sNbvXpsh¶mbncp¶p {Ko¡pImcpsS
hnizmkw.(13) {kãmhmb ]p¬tPÂ Xsâ ITmcsImv apdns¨Sp¯ \uIbnÂsh¨v a®v ]mIs¸Sp¯nbmWv a\pjys\ krãn¨sX¶mWv
Bkv--t{Xenb³ BZnhmknIfnsemcp hn`mK¯nsâ krãn]pcmWw.(14)
Ifna®v ]mIs¸Sp¯n a\pjyicocapm¡n AXv DW§nb
tijw AXns\ kzÀK¯n sImpt]mbn Poh³ \ÂIpIbmWv {kãmhv sNbvXXv F¶mWv djybnse
sNdmankv hÀK¡mÀ IcpXp¶Xv. Atacn¡bnse Aemkv--Ibn Pohn¡p¶ FIv--kntamIfmIs«,
ssZhmßmhv Ifna¬{]Xna \nÀan¨pW¡nb tijw Poh\nSpIbmWv sNbvXsX¶mWv hnizkn¡p¶Xv.
ss__nÄ ]pkvXI§fpw JpÀB\psaÃmw temIw ImWp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ Ifna®n \n¶mWv a\pjykrãn
\S¶sX¶ hnizmkw hyXykvX P\hn`mK§Ä¡nSbn \ne\n¶ncp¶psh¶mWv Ch hyàam¡p¶Xv.
ss__nÄ ]gb \nba¯n Bdp Znhk§ÄsImpÅ
{]]©krãnsbIpdn¨v hnhcn¡p¶Xn\nSbnemWv a\pjysc a®n \n¶v krãn¨XmbpÅ ]cmaÀiw
IS¶phcp¶Xv. ‘‘IÀ¯mhmb ssZhw `qanbnse s]mSnsImv a\pjys\
cq]s¸Sp¯n. AbmfpsS \mkmc{Ô§fnte¡v Pohizmkw DuXn; A§s\ a\pjy\v Poh\pmbn’’(15)sb¶mWv
DÂ]¯n]pkvXIw ]dbp¶Xv. a\pjykrãnsb¸änbpÅ ssZhnIshfn]mSmbn ]cmaÀin¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv ‘s]mSnbnÂ’ \n¶v'
F¶msW¦nepw {]hmNI {]Xn]mZy§fn ‘Ifna®nÂ’ \n¶v' F¶v
]dbp¶Xmbn ImWmw. sbi¿m {]hmNI³ ]dbp¶p: ‘‘IÀ¯msh,
\obmIp¶p R§fpsS ]nXmhvþ R§Ä Ifna®v; \o R§fpsS Ipih³.’’(16) Ct¿m_nsâ
{]mÀ°\ C§s\bmbncp¶p: ‘\nsâ Ic§ftÃ, F\n¡v cq]w \ÂIn Fs¶
krãn¨Xv. Ct¸mÄ \o Xs¶ Xncªv Fs¶ \in¸n¡p¶p. Ifna®v sImmWv \o Fs¶ Dm¡nbXv F¶v
HmÀan¡q. \o hopw Fs¶ s]mSnbm¡n amäptam?’(17)
a\pjy³ AÃmlphnsâ khntijamb
krãnbmsW¶pw Ah³ ]Sbv¡s¸«Xv Ifna®n \n¶msW¶pw hyàambn ]Tn¸n¡p¶ {KÙamWv IzpÀB³.
a\pjykrãnsb¡pdn¨v ae¡pIsf Adnbn¨t¸mÄ Xs¶ AXv \nÀhln¡p¶Xv Ifna®n \n¶msW¶v AÃmlp
shfns¸Sp¯nbncp¶Xmbn IzpÀB³ hyàam¡p¶p. ''\nsâ c£nXmhv ae¡pItfmSv ]dª kµÀ`w:
XoÀ¨bmbpw Rm³ Ifna®n \n¶pw Hcp a\pjys\ krãn¡m³ t]mIpIbmWv. A§s\ Rm³ Ahs\
kwhn[m\n¡pIbpw Ah\n Fsâ Bßmhn \n¶v Rm³ DuXpIbpw sNbvXm \n§Ä Ah¶v {]Wmaw
sN¿p¶hcmbn hogWw.''(18)
Cu hN\§Ä AÃmlp ae¡pItfmSv ]dªXmbn
]cmaÀin¡p¶Xv ' Rm³ Ifna®n \n¶v Hcp a\pjys\ krãn¡phm³ t]mhpIbmWv' F¶msW¶ Imcyw {it²bamWv.
"\o Ifna®n\m krãn¨h\v Rm³ {]Wan¡pItbm?'(19) BZna\pjysâ krãnbmWv ChnsS
hnh£n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv F¶v Cu hN\w kpXcmw hyàam¡p¶p-v.
apI-fn ]dª cp JpÀB³ kqà§fnepw Ifna®v
F¶v ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶Xv "Xzo³' F¶ Ad_n]Zs¯bmWv. Xzo\n \n¶mWv AÃmlp a\pjysc
krãn¨sX¶v hyàam¡p¶ thsdbpw IzpÀB³ kqà§fpv. AhbpsS ]cn`mj ImWpI: ''Ah\s{X
Ifna®n \n¶pw \n§sf krãn¨Xv. F¶n«h³ Hcp Ah[n \nÝbn¨ncn¡p¶p. Ah¦Â \nÀWnXamb
asämch[nbpapv. F¶n«pw \n§Ä kwibn¨psImncn¡p¶p.''(20) "Xm³ krãn¨ FÃm
hkvXp¡sfbpw hninãam¡nbh\s{X Ah³. a\pjysâ krãn Ifna®n \n¶v Ah³ Bcw`n¨p.''(21)
a\pjysc krãn¨Xv Ifna®nsâ k¯n \n¶msW¶
IzpÀB\nI ]cmaÀiw ssZhnIamsW¶v a\Ênem¡p¶hsc kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw AXnsâ ]n¶nse imkv{XobX
At\zjnt¡ Imcysam¶panÃ. imkv{Xobambn ØncoIcn¡s¸«mepw Csænepw Ifna®nsâ k¯nÂ
\n¶mWv a\pjy³ krãn¡s¸«Xv F¶ Bibw kXykÔamsW¶mWv AhÀ a\Ênem¡p¶Xv. Cu ]cmaÀiw
Aimkv{XobamsW¶ hmZapbcpt¼mÄ B hmZw F{Xt¯mfw AÀ°h¯msW¶ ]cntim[\bv¡pthnbmWv AhÀ
imkv{Xobamb ]T\§sf B{ibn¡p¶Xv. A¯cw ]T\§sfÃmw IzpÀB\nsâ A{]amZnXzs¯ Ac¡n«pd¸n¡pIbmWv
sNbvXn«pÅsX¶mWv Ncn{Xw.
F´mWv Ifna®v? `utam]cnXe¯n e`yamb
hyXykvX Xcw aqeI§fpsS k½n{iamWv Ifna®v F¶p ]dbmw. km[mcW a®n 45 iXam\w
[mXpehW§fpw 25 iXam\w Pehpw 25 iXam\w hmbphpw 5 iXam\w ssPhmhinã§fpamWpmhpI.
hyXykvX Xcw Ifna®pIfnepÅ ehW§fpsS A\p]mXw hyXykvXambncn¡pw. a\pjyicoc¯nepÅ
aqeI§sfÃmw Ifna®nepÅhbmWv. 65 iXam\w HmIv--knP\pw 18. 5 iXam\w ImÀ_Wpw 9. 5
iXam\w ssl{UP\pw 3 .2 iXam\w ss\{SP\pw 1. 5 iXam\w ImÂkyhpw 1 iXam\w t^mkv^dkpw
0. 4 iXam\w s]m«mkyhpw 0. 3 iXam\w kÄ^dpw 0. 2 iXam\w tkmUnbhpw 0. 2 iXam\w
t¢mdn\pw 0. 1 iXam\w aKv\ojyhpamWv a\pjyicoc¯nepÅ {][m\s¸« aqeI§Ä. t_mtdm¬,
t{Imanbw, tIm_mÄ«v, tIm¸À, ^v--fqdn³, AbUn³, Atb¬, amwK\okv, knent¡m¬,
tamfn_vU\w, sken\nbw, Sn³, ht\Unbw, kn¦v F¶o aqeI§fpw sNdnsbmcp AfhmsW¦nepw
a\pjyicoc¯nepv. Cu aqeI§sfÃmw Ifna®nepÅhbmWv. a\p-jy i-co-c-¯nepw
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å aq-e-I-§-fm-Wv D-Å-sX-¶v B-[p\n-I im-kv-{X-Iv-ÚÀ ]-d-bp¶p.(22)
C-¯-c-¯n-ep-Å ]T\§fpsS shfn¨¯nse§s\bmWv Ifna®nsâ k¯bn \n¶mWv a\pjy³
krãn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv F¶ IzpÀB³ ]cmaÀi-s¯ F-§-s\-bmWv hnaÀin¡phm³ IgnbpI!
Npcp¡¯n imkv{X sXfnhpIfpw
aXhnizmk§tfm UmÀhnsâ hmZ§tfmSv H«pw Xs¶
Hcp tbmPn¨p t]mIp¶nà F¶XmWv kXyw.
hnizmk{]amW§sf tNmZyw sN¿p¶ coXnbnepÅ kn²m´§sf AwKoIcn¡phm³ aX¯nsâ hàm¡fpw
X¿mdÃ. AXn\m UmÀhn\nkw bpànhmZnIfpsS hmZw am{Xambn Npcp§p¶p. BbXn\m Hcp
XÀ¡hnjbambn hnizmknIÄ¡pw bpànhmZnIÄ¡panSbn UmÀhn\nkw Ct¸mgpw XpSÀ¶pt]mIp¶p.
kzXzw tXSn
Aebp¶ UmÀhn³ Nn´IÄ...
UmÀhn\nkw sXfnhpIfnÃm¯ bpànklPaÃm¯ H¶msW¶v
hmZn¡pt¼mgpw, temI¯v Ct¸mgpw ]ecpw Hcp imkv{X¯nsâ `mKamWv UmÀhn\nkw AwKoIcn¨p t]mcp¶Xv. sXfnhpIÄ sImv ØnXoIcn¨XmWtÃm
imkv{Xw. At¸mÄ UmÀhn\nkw XoÀ¯pw hnizmk tbmKyam¡p¶ Xc¯n Fs´¦nepw sXfnhpIÄ
DÅXmtWm F¶ Nne kwib§Ä \nehnepv. ChnsS UmÀhn³ ]cnWma kn²m´w ]qÀWambpw icn
hbv¡m³ \ap¡v km[yaÃ. ImcWw UmÀhn³ t]mepw Xsâ kn²m´s¯ PohkpäXm¡m³ th sXfnhpIÄ
\ÂIpItbm AXv Xd¸n¨p ]dbpItbm sNbvXn«nÃ. At±lw ]dbp¶Xv C§s\bmWv:
‘hntij cq]§fpsS hyXncnàXbpw Ah At\Iw ]cnhÀ¯\
I®nIfm tNÀ¡s¸«nà F¶Xpw hfsc hyàamb {]iv\amWv...., Fsâ
kn²m´{]Imcw kneqdnb³ L«¯n\v ap¼v XoÀ¨bmbpw FhnsSsb¦nepw ASªp IqSnbncn¡p¶
hn]peamb t]mÌÂ ]mfnIfpsS A`mhw DÄs¡mÅp¶Xn\pÅ {]bmkw hfsc hepXmWv. CXp
hniZoIcn¡m\mImsX XpScpw. Rm\nhnsS AhXcn¸n¨ ho£W§tfmSpÅ km[yXbpÅ FXnÀhmZ§fmbn
AXv XpScpw.’ (23)
Hcp {Kq¸nse hnhn[ kv]ojnkpIÄ ]g¡tadnb ]mentbm
tkmbnIv IÂ]¯nsâ BZyL«amb kneqdnb³ ]mfnIfn s]«¶v {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xmbn UmÀhnsâ Ime¯p \S¶ DXvL\\§Ä hnfn¨p]dbp¶p. A§s\sb¦nÂ
kneqdnbm\v sXm«pap¼pÅ {Ikvtdjy³ ]mfbnÂ
ChbpsS ap³KmanIsf ImtWXmbncp¶p. ]t£ e`yambnÃ. CÆnjb¯n UmÀhn³Xs¶ FgpXpIbmWv ‘Cu hnkrXamb
{]mKvL«§fpsS tcJIÄ F´p sImp ImWp¶nà F¶
tNmZy¯n\v hyàamb D¯cw \ÂIm³ F\n¡v IgnbnÃ’ (24)
C{Xbpw ]dbtemsS
UmÀhn³ Xs¶ Cu ]dªh KpcpXcamb {]iv\amsW¶v k½Xn¡pt¼mÄ UmÀhn\nk¯nsâ hnizkvXX kzbw
tNmZyw sN¿s¸SpIbmWtÃm?
UmÀhn\p tijw
Imean{X Ignªn«pw imkv{Xsa{X ]ptcmKXn
{]m]n¨n«pw ]cnWmahmZsX sXfnbn¡pamÀ
sXfnhpIÄ H¶pw In«nbnà F¶XmWv \Kv\kXyw. hymP t^mknepIfpw tbmPn¡m¯ cq]§fpw tNÀ¶v
`mh\bn Hcp]mSv Nn{Xw sa\sª¦nepw ]cnWmas¯ ]qÀ®Xbn F¯n¡p¶Xn ]cnWmahmZnIÄ
ZmcpWambn ]cmPbs¸SpIbmbncp¶p.
NmÄkv UmÀhn³ Xs¶
Hcp]mSv XhW Nn´n¨ tijw, KthjWw \S¯nb tijw imkv{X§Ä F{XXs¶ hepXmbmepw Xsâ
kn²m´¯nepÅ hkvXpXIÄ¡v IrXyamb sXfnhv sImv hcm³ Ignbnsöv ]dªn«ps¦n ]ns¶
F´n\pthnbmWv tijw h¶ ]cnWmahmZ¡mÀ AXnsâ t]cn ISn]nSn IqSp¶Xv.
]cnWmaw \S¶n«ps¦n C¶v \ne\n¡p¶
hyXykvX§fmb PohnhÀ¤§Ä ¡nSbn Ahsb _Ôn¸n¨psImpÅ I®nIÄ Pohn¨ncn¡Ww F¶pw kq£v
DÂL\§Ä hgn A¯cw \ãs¸« I®pIfpsS t^mknepIÄ Is¯m\mIpsa¶v UmÀhn \n¶v {]tNmZ\w
DÄs¡mv-- sImv temI¯nse hnhn[ `mK§fn \S¶ ]cyth£W§fnsem¶pw Xs¶ PohnIfpsS
CS¡®nIsf¶v ]dbm³ X¡h®apÅ t^mknepIÄ Ip]nSn¡m³ {]bmks¸«p sImncn¡p¶p.
CXn\nSbnepw hymP t^mknepIÄ sImphcnIbpw AXn\pthn AhmÀUv th§n¨ NmÄkv Uuks\
t]mepÅhcpw Ipd¨Ã. ]t£ A¸mbpÊpIfmbncp¶p AhsbÃmw. IrXyw ]s¯m³]Xv hÀj§Ä¡pÅn Xs¶ PntbmfPn¡Â skmsskänbpsS
s^temjn¸pw skmsskän Hm^v BânIzdokv Hm^v e³ sa¼Àjn¸pw \ÂIn BZcn¡s¸« AtX imkv{XtemIw Xs¶ Uuks\ XÅn ]dªp.
ChnsS \½Ä HmÀt¡
Imcyw UmÀhn³ ]cnWmas¯¸änbpw Pohsâ hnImks¯]änbpw kwkmcn¡p¶Xv Po\pItfm
Un.F³.F.Itfm Ip]nSn¨n«nÃm¯ Ime¯mWv. C{Xbpw ]dbp¶Xnsâ Iq«¯n Hcp Imcyw IqSn
]db A\nhmcyamWv. PohnIfn \nc´cambn hyXnbm\w kw`hn¨psImncn¡p¶p. A\pIqeamb
hyXnbm\§sf {]IrXn\nÀ[mcWw hgn Pohn¸n¡¶Xn\m Ah ]mc¼cyambn ssIamäw sN¿ms¸Sp¶p.
A\pIqe hyXnbm\§Ä kzcq]n¡s¸« ]pXnb PohPme§Ä DmIp¶p F¶mWv UmÀhns\ hmZw. CXv
icnbmsW¦n GItZiw 300 tImSn hÀj§Ä¡pap¼v Dmbncp¶Xpw Ct¸mgpw \ne\n¡p¶Xpamb
GItImiPohnIfmb Aao_IÄ F´psImv
Ahtijn¡p¶p?
C¶p ImWp¶ Aao_bpsS ap³
XeapdIfn C¸dª ]cnWmaw kw`hn¨n«nÃmbncpt¶? Ah asämcp
cq]ambn, PohnhÀ¤ambn ]cnWan¡m¯Xv F´psImv? C§s\ ]cnWma¯n\v hnt[bamImsX F§s\ AhsbÃmw AXnPohn¨p? Cu tNmZy§sfÃmw C¶pw ]cnWmahmZnIÄ¡v ap¶n D¯cw In«m¯ tNmZy
NnÓ§fmsW¶v UmÀhn³ Xs¶ ]dªp h¨n«pv. ChnsS
ASnØm\clnXamWv Xsâ kn²m´sa¶v UmÀhn³ ]dbmsX ]dbp¶p.
]cnWma L«¯nse
sImgnªpt]mb \mgnI¡ÃpIÄ...
`qapJ¯v Hcp]mSv PohnIfpw ]ebn\w PohPme§fpw
\nesImÅp¶p. AhsbÃmw Hcp s]mXp ]qÀhnI\n \n¶mWv DmbsX¶Wv UmÀhns\ hmZw.
AX\pkcn¨v a\pjysâ ]c¼c a\pjyt\mSv Gähpw
kmayaps¶v tXm¶p¶ BÄIpc§pIfnte¡msW¶v
UmÀhn³ ]dªv h¨Xv. Hcp Fenbpw Fen¡pªpw X½nepÅ hyXymksa{Xtbm A{X hyXymkw
Xs¶ BÄIpc§pw a\pjy\pw X½nepÅq F¶mWv imkv{X \nKa\w. Hcp]t£ AXn\m Bbncn¡Ww
UmÀhn³ a\pjy\pambn Gähpw IqSpXÂ kmZriyapÅ BÄIpc§pIÄ Bbncn¡mw a\pjycpsS ]qÀhnIÀ
F¶ \nKa\¯n F¯nt¨À¶Xv. At¸mgpw UmÀhn\v t\sc D¶bn¡s¸Sp¶ Hcp tNm-Zyw \m-an-hnsS
HmÀ¡Ww, BÄ Ipc§pIÄ Ct¸mgpw Pohn¨ncn¸pv ]t£ Ahbnsem¶pw Xs¶ a\pjycmbn
amdp¶nÃ-tÃm? Ip-c-§n \n-¶m-Wv a-\p-jy³ D-m-b-sX-¦n a\pjy\pam{Xw {]tXyIambpÅ
khntij _p²nbpsS Hcwisa¦nepw BÄ¡pc§pIfn ImWmambncp¶p. a\pjycpambn kmayapÅXn\mÂ
t]cn am{Xw Hcn¡epw a\pjycpsS ]qÀÆnIcmsW¶v hmZn¡m\mInÃ.
BÄIpc§pIfpsS UnF³F a\pjy\pambn 98 iXam\w kmayX
]peÀ¯p¶pv F¶mWv imkv{XÚ·mÀ Is¯nbn«pÅXv a\pjy³ Ipc§n \n¶mWv ]cnWan¨Xv F¶v Cu
sXfnhpIfpsS ASnØm\¯nemWv \h UmÀhn³ hmZnIÄ hmZn¡p¶Xv. CXp ]dbpt¼mgpw HmÀ¡Ww
UmÀhn³ Pohn¨ncp¶ Ime¯v UnF³F ]än Hcdnhpw UmÀhn\v CÃmbncp¶p. \h UmÀhn\n-k-¯nsâ hàm¡Ä C§s\
hmZn¡pIbmsW¦n Xs¶ Ht¶mÀ¡pI ]q¨bpsS
UnF³F a\pjy\pambn 90% kmayX ]peÀ¯p¶pv. BbXn\m ]q¨sb a\pjysâ ]cnWmaw ]c¼cbnÂ
tNÀ¡m³ km[yamtWm? AtXmsSm¸w hmg¸g¯n 48 iXam\t¯mfw a\pjy UnF³Fbpambn kmayXbpv
BbXn\m hmg¸gw ]IpXn a\pjy\msW¶v ]dbm³ ]äptam? PohnIÄ X½n kmayXIÄ Dmtb¡mw
F¶m AhsbÃmw ]cnWma¯nsâ ^eambn DmbXmsW¶v ]db bpàn tbmKyaÃ
emamÀ¡v Xsâ ]bÀ sNSnbnse ]co£W§fpsS
ASnØm\¯n Is¯nb kn²m´¯n ]dbp¶Xv Hcp Xeapdbn \n¶v asämcp Xeapdbnte¡v PohnhÀ¤§Ä
]mc¼cy KpW§Ä ssIamdp¶p. Cu kn²m´¯n\v ASnØm\¯nemWv UmÀhn³ Hcp Xeapdbn \n¶pw
asämcp Xeapdbnte¡v ]mc¼cyambn PohnXw ssIamäw \S¡p¶p F¶v A`n{]mbs¸«Xv.
DbÀ¶ ac§fn Ce Xn¶m³ IgnbmXncp¶ Ipªv
Bântem]vkv F¶ ]pcmX\ PohnbmWv Ime{ItaW Pndm^mbn cq]´s¸«sX¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. ]t£ Ime§Ä¡ptijw F¯nb
sa³Uens\ t]mepÅhÀ UnF³Fbpw Po\pw Ip]nSn¨tXmsS ]cnWmahmZ¯n\v ]pXp apJ§Ä
{]Xy£s¸Spsa¶v IcpXnbhÀ¡v {]Xo£IÄ¡v hn]coXambn Ah h³ ASnbmWv \ÂInbXv. ]et¸mgpw
P\nXI hyXymk§Ä ayqt«j³ hgn PohnbpsS \mi¯n\v ImcWamIp¶p F¶v sXfnªp. ]cnWma
{]{Inb F¶ Bib¯neqsS UmÀhn³ Øm]n¡m³ {ian¨ \m¨pd ske£³ F¶ hmZw shdpw anYybmsW¶v
s]mfns¨gpXpI bmbncp¶p ]n¶oSv h¶ Ip]nSp¯§Ä.
\nKa\w
‘‘UmÀhnsâ
]cnWma kn²m´w imkv{Xobambn sXämsW¶v Øm]n¨p sImv tI{µa{´n kXy]m knMv cwK¯v.
Ipc§v a\pjy\mhp¶Xv Bcpw In«nÃm¯Xn\m ]cnWma kn²m´s¯ AwKoIcn¡m\mhnsömWv
tI{µa{´nbpsS AhImihm-Zw. UmÀhnsâ ]cnWma kn²m´w imkv{Xobambn sXämWv.
k-vIqfpIfnsebpw tImtfPpIfnsebpw CXpambn _Ôs¸« ]mTy]²Xnbn amäw hcpt¯Xpv.
a\pjys\ `qapJ¯v ImWm³ XpS§nb Imew apX a\pjy\mbn¯s¶bmWv {]Xy£s¸«Xv.’’
2018 P\phcn 20þmw XobXn C´ybpsS tI{µa{´n kXy]m knMv ]dª
hm¡pIfmWnh.(25)
imkv{Xobamb ASn¯dbn sXfn-hpIÄ
cq]s¸«phcp¶ imkv{Xob kn²m´§sf Hcn¡epw aXhmZnIÄ FXnÀ¡p¶nÃ, adn¨v AhÀ Ccp ssIIfpw
\o«n kzoIcn¡p¶p. ImcWw Hmtcm aX§Ä FSp¯p t\m¡nbmepw AXnsâ hfÀ¨ ImeL«¯nÂ
FhnsSsb¦nepw imkv{Xobamb ]ptcmKXn {]m]n¨ Hcp ImeL«w Im-Wmw. C¯-cw Im-e-L-«§Ä
aX¯nsâ h-àm-¡Ä \-S¯nb imkv{Xob Ip]nSn¯§Ä {]apJ-cm-bn-cn¡pw. CÉmanI temI¯v Xs¶
{]hmNI³ apl½Zv(kz ) {]nb ]Xv\n Bbnjsbt¸mepw sshZyimkv{Xw ]Tn¡m³ Ab¨n«pv.
]n¶oSt§m«v ImeL«§fpsS IS¶pt]m¡nÂ
C_v\pko\sb t]mse F{X F{X BÄ¡mÀ
sshZyimkv{X¯nepw `uXnIimkv{X¯nepw anI¨p \n¶hcmbncp¶p. Bcy`«bpw cmam\pP\pw t]mse
C´y³ kaql¯n \n¶pbÀ¶ph¶ imkv{XÚcpw ]n¡me¯v temIw Däpt\m¡p¶ ]e imkv{Xob
Ip]nSp¯§fpw XpS¡¡mcpambncp¶p AhÀ Hmtcmcp¯cpw. BbXn\m aX§Ä Hcn¡epw imkv{Xobamb
Ip]nSp¯§Äs¡m AXnsâ D]tbmK§Äs¡m FXncÃ.
temI¯Iam\w
tbmPn¸pw hntbmPn¸papÅ kn²m´amWv UmÀhn³ ]cnWma kn²m´w. imkv{Xobamb sXfnhpIfpsS
A`mhhpw, Xsâ hmZ§Ä ]cn]qÀ®ambpw icnbà F¶
UmÀhnsâ Xs¶ A`n{]mb§Ä Dmbn«pt]mepw
UmÀ-hnsâ kn²m´s¯ ]ecpw sXmÅ sXmSmsX hngp§p¶ ImgvN-bm-Wv UmÀhn³ kn²m´w h¶Xp apXÂ
Ip hcp¶Xv. UmÀhnsâ ]cnWma kn²m´w
sXämsW¶v sXfnbn¡m³ imkv{Xobamb sXfnhpIÄ Xs¶ [mcmfw. Pohsâ BZy IWnI DmbXnÂ
UmÀhn³ ]dbp¶ kn²m´{]Imcw \nÀPohamb cmk]ZmÀ°§Ä tNÀ¶v Poh\pÅ Hcp hkvXphmbn
amdnsb¶ hmZw, imkv{Xsa{X ]ptcmKXn {]m]n¨n«pw AwKoIcn¡m³ imkv{X¯n\p Xs¶ aSnbmWv.
]ns¶§s\bmWv imkv{Xobamb ASn¯dIfnÃm¯ Hcp kn²m´w
imkv{X¯nsâ `mKambn amdp¶Xv. tIhew sI«pIYIfpw A\pam\§fpw am{Xw sh¨v X\n¡v In«nb
t^mknepIsf Hcpan¨v Iq«n BZna a\pjysc `mh\bn hc¨ncn¡pIbmbncp¶p UmÀ-hn³. UmÀhn³
]-dªph¡p¶ t]mse X\n¡v Xsâ kn²m´w sXfnbn¡m³ t]m¶ sXfnhpIÄ In«nbn«nsÃ-¶pw, hcpw
Xeapd AXv Is¯psa¶ UmÀhns\ A\pam\§Ä ]n³ ]änbhÀ AXn\pthn ITn\ambn ]cn{ian¨p.
Nm³kv Uuknsb t]mepÅhÀ AXv GsäSp¯p. ]t£ ^ew \mfpIÄ¡p tijw imkv{X temIw H¶msI
Ahsc FXnÀ¯v ]dªp XnI¨pw Aimkv{Xobamb Ipsd Dulmt]ml§Ä imkv{Xsa¶ t]cnÂ
sIm«ntLmjn¡pI F¶v am-{Xw-am-bn-cp-¶p A-h-sbÃmw.
UmÀ-hn-\n-k-¯n-sâ s]m-Å-¯-c-¯n-s\-Xn-sc A-Xp
s\-t©m-Sv tNÀ-¯v h-¨v F-´n-\v F-XnÀ-¡p-¶p F-¶v tNm-Zn-¡p¶-h-tcm-Sv H-cp Imcyw
IqSn Hcn¡epw ]cnWmahmZ¯nt\mSv FXncà Cu ]T\§Ä. FÃm PohnIfnepw hfÀ¨ L«¯n ]cnWmaw
]dbp¶ t]mse amä§Ä Dmtb¡mw ]t£ Hcp Pohnbpw ]cnWan¨v ]qÀWambpw asämcp PohnbmIÂ
kw`hn¡p¶nÃ. ImcWw Hcp Fenbn \nc´camb ]pIbpw H¸w tjm¡pw \ÂIp¶ kab¯v hndbv¡p¶
Fen ]n¶oSv ]pI hcpt¼mÄ Xs¶ hndbv¡p¶ F¸nP\änI-vkv t]mepÅh Dmtb¡mw F¶m \nc´cw
\mfne[nIw XeapdIsf hmev apdn¨n«pw ASp¯ Xeapdbn ]ns¶bpw hmepÅh Xs¶bmWtÃm
P\n¡p¶Xv. Cu sXfnhpIÄ Hcp Pohnsb AXnsâ kmlNcy§Ä ]cn]qÀ®ambpw asämcp Pohnbm¡n
amäp¶nà F¶Xn\v sXfnhmWv. BbXn\m a\pjy³
arK§fn \n¶v Dmbn F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶ UmÀhn\nkw
XnI¨pw AbYmÀXyamWv.
C\n AYhm imkv{Xw hf˦v Ahkm\w ]cnWmaw
icnbmsW¶v h¶mepw aX hmXnIÄ¡v {]iv\amIp¶nÃ
ImcWw aXw PohnIfn ]cnWmaapmbn F¶Xn FXnÀ¸v {]ISn¸n¨n«nÃ. aX§fpw hmZn¨Xv
a\pjy³ ]pXpXmbn Dmb H¶mWv Ahsâ P\\¯n ]cnWma¯n\p Øm\ansöv am{XamWv.
At¸mÄ AdntbImcyw BÀ¡mWv UmÀhn\nk¯nsâ
Bhiyw? AhÀ AXpsImv Dt±in¡p¶Xv F´mWv? D¯cw \ncoizc hmZnIfpsS h³tXmXnepÅ IS¶p Ibähpw
kzmÀ° Xmev]cy§fpsS AS§m¯ ]inbpamsW¶p hyàamIpIbmWnhnsS.
Hcp \pW Bbncw XhW BhÀ¯n¨m kXyambn
amdpsa¶ Kn¼ÂknbWv XnbdnbmWv UmÀhns\
]cnWmaw hmZ¯nepapÅXv. Hcp imkv{X kn²m´w kmaqlnI, cm{ãob Xe§fn C{Xb[nIw kzm[o\w
sNep¯nbXmbn CXphsc In«nÃ. amÀ¡nkw hs¶¦nepw C{Xtbsd s]mXp {i² ]nSn¨p]änbn«nÃ.
UmÀhn\nk¯nsâ NphSp ]nSns¨¯nb tkmjy UmÀhn\nkw CXns\mcp henb DZmlcWamWv. CXnsâ
]n¶nsesbms¡ e£yw kzmÀ° XmÂ]cy§Ä¡pth-n i-cnbmb sXfnhpIfnÃmsX ]S¨phn« kn²m´s¯
icnbmsW¶v ]dªp apdpsI ]nSn¡p¶p F¶v am-{Xw.
UmÀ-hn-\n-k-s¯
s\-t©m-Sv tNÀ-¯v ]n-Sn-¡p-¶-hÀ C-\n-sbm-¶v kz-bw tNm-Zn¡p. UmÀ-hn-\n-kw
C-t¸mgpw i-cnbm-tWm?
Ahew_w
2. The Selfish Gene-1976 .Richard
Dawkins page -37
3. How Many Species on Earth? 8.7 Million,
Says New Study, UNEP News Centre, Wed, Aug 24, 2011, http://www.unep.org/
4. Stephen Jay Gould & Niles Eldredge:
‘Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism’ in ‘Models in
Paleobiology’, edited by TJM Freeman Schopf, San Francisco, 1972, Pages 82-115
5. Fred Hoyle : The Intelligent Universe: A New View of Creation and
Evolution, Minneapolis, 1988, Pages 32-45
6. Sir Fred Hoyle& Chandra Wickramasinghe:
Evolution from Space, New York, 1984
7. Michael K. Richardson& Gerhard Keuck:
Haeckel’s ABC of evolution and development, ýBiological Reviews, 2002, No: 77,
Pages 495–528
8. Michael Denton: Evolution: Theory in Crisis, London, 1985.
Pages 233-249
9. Alice Park: Junk DNA — Not So Useless After
All, Time Magazine, Sept. 06, 2012
10. Christopher B. Siren: The Older (genealogical) Gods (gods and the
heroes of the Babylonians)
http://www.webcitation.org
11. Richard Cavendish(Edit): Mythology: An
Illustrated Encyclopedia, Silverdale, 1987, page 57
12. ibid Page 141
14. Sir James George Frazer: Folk-Lore in the
Old Testament:
Studies in Comparative Religion, Legend
& Law, 1918, http://www.webcitation.org
15. ഉല്പത്തി2:7
16. യെശയ്യാവ് 64:8
17. ഇയ്യോബ് 10:8,9
18. വിശുദ്ധ ക്വുര്ആന്38:71,72
19. വിശുദ്ധ ക്വുര്ആന്17:61
20. വിശുദ്ധ ക്വുര്ആന്6:2
21. വിശുദ്ധ
ക്വുര്ആന്32:7
22. Philip Cohen : Clay’s matchmaking could
have sparked life, New Scientist 23 October 2003
23. Origin
of species, page 291
24. Origin of
species, page 313
25.https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/news/india/union-minister-satyapal-singh-rejects-darwin-theory-because-no-one-saw-it-1.2543036
AXn-I hm-b\-¡v
* Nn-´-Ifpw C-k-§-fpw þ ap-l-½Z-en A-½n-\n-¡mSv
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